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The effect of reduced glomerular filtration rate on plasma total homocysteine concentration Arnadottir M.; Hultberg B.; Nilsson-Ehle P.; Thysell H. Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik Iceland Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation Norway ; , 1996, 56 1 ; The concentration of homocysteine in plasma has been shown to be increased in renal failure, possibly contributing to the accelerated atherosclerosis observed in uraemic patients. The aim of the present study was to document the relationship between plasma total homocysteine tHcy ; concentrations and glomerular filtration rates GFR ; in highly selected patients, with renal function ranging from normal to dialysis dependency. GFR was defined as the plasma clearance of iohexol; a more accurate method than the creatinine-based estimations applied in previous studies. Plasma tHcy concentrations were highly correlated to GFR r 0.70, p 0.0001 ; and were significantly increased already in moderate renal failure. According to a multiple regression analysis, GFR and red cell folate concentrations independently predicted plasma tHcy concentrations, whereas those of serum creatinine, plasma pyridoxal-5-phosphate, urine albumin and urine alpha-l-microglobulin a marker of tubular damage ; did not. Thus, GFR seems to be a better determinant of plasma tHcy concentration than serum creatinine concentration. Plasma total cysteine and total cysteinylglycine concentrations followed the same pattern as those of tHcy.
In some of these embodiments, the formulation comprises from about 001% to about 6% w v ; mecamylamine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Bath Hydromol emollient E45 bath Balneum itchy skin only ; Diprobath Ensuring between toes and fingers are not forgotten check for fungal infections ; Nails trimmed appropriately water not too warm. Otherwise water that is too hot causes vasodilatation and increases the evaporation of water from the corneocytes, thus causing dehydration of the skin peters, 1999 ; . Once the skin condition is controlled encouragement needs to be given to continue using the bath oil Hughes and Van Onselen, 2001 ; Drying this is very important. Vigorous rubbing will irritate the skin and cause epidermal changes. Gently pat skin dry, not forgetting between toes and fingers pay attention to creases and skin folds. Moisturise to maintain integrity of skin i.e. Aqueous cream Hydromol cream.
AngII through MAPK-dependent increase in sodium influx is unlikely in bovine glomerulosa cells. Finally, because the 12-HETE compound has been reported to activate p38 MAPK in H295R cells.
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Control as compared with 47% in rats treated with nicotine but no mecamylamine, Table 1 ; . Preliminary studies showed that hexamethonium 4.0 mg kg, i.p., 10 min pretreatment ; did not block the effects of nicotine 1.75 mg kg 2 min before %-DG, data not shown ; . Discussion The effects of nicotine on LCGU generally follow the localization of 3H-nicotine binding in the rat brain Clarke et al., 1984, 1985; London et al., 1985a, b ; . High densities of 3H-nicotine binding sites have been measured in the medial habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, and superior colliculus London et al., 1985b ; , which show marked LCGU stimulation by nicotine. Dense binding also occurs in thalamic nuclei, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral tegmental area, presubiculum, and subiculum Clarke et al., 1985; London et al., 1985b ; , which show nicotine-induced LCGU activation. The very sparse labeling in Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus with 3H-ACh and 3H-nicotine Schwartz et al., 1982; London et al., 198513 ; suggests that the lack of LCGU responses to nicotine in these areas is not coincidental. Areas with moderate binding, such as the cerebellar vermis and paramedian lobule, also show LCGU responses to nicotine. Increased LCGU in areas rich in 3H-nicotine binding sites indicates that the sites are true receptors. There are some discrepancies between the distributions of LCGU responses to nicotine and 3H-nicotine binding. Some areas with moderate binding, such as the caudate-putamen and parts of the neocortex, show no LCGU increases. Such cases may reflect dilution of metabolic effects in brain areas where LCGU reflects metabolism in heterogeneous cell populations. Alternatively, some specific `H-nicotine binding sites may not be true receptors. LCGU stimulation in a few areas that are not enriched in 3H-nicotine binding sites red nucleus, median eminence ; could be indirect, as LCGU effects may be propagated via afferents to areas remote from initial receptor interactions. Blockade of nicotine effects on LCGU by mecamylamine but not hexamethonium agrees with a central agonistic action of nicotine. Many reports have shown a blockade of behavioral effects of nicotine by mecamylamine but not hexamethonium, which does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier e.g., Schechter and Rosecrans, 197 1; Clarke and Kumar, 1983; review, Stolerman, 1986 ; . The present dose-response and time-course data allow correlations with previous behavioral findings. Nicotine dosages that affected LCGU were comparable to those which influenced behavior in rats. Stimulation in most areas was produced by 0.3 mgkg nicotine, a dose similar to those used in training rats to discriminate nicotine Overton, 1979 ; . An effect on LCGU in most areas was not measurable after 15 min, although 1 mg kg nicotine S.C. produced nearly maximal drug concentrations in the rat brain at that time Tripathi et al., 1982 ; . The discrepancy may reflect tachyphylaxis, as tachyphylaxis to nicotine-induced antinociception occurred in rats within 10 min Tripathi et al., 1982 ; . The superior colliculus and the medial habenula appeared to be less susceptible to such tachyphylaxis than other brain areas assayed. The use of metabolic mapping to visualize activated circuits in the brain, including fiber pathways, is demonstrated by the nicotine-induced stimulation of the habenulo-interpeduncular system. The medial habenula projects to the interpeduncular.
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Agonists, anabaseine and epibatidine are shown to block serotonin-activated currents in oocytes expressing 5-HT3ARs with IC50 values of 14 M and 8 M, respectively [51, 52]. Similarly, we find that epibatidine effectively blocks rodent 5HT3R-mediated currents in a competitive manner with IC50 values of 3.3 M and 4.1 M in neuroblastoma cells and HEK cells, respectively. The mechanisms underlying the physiological effects of epibatidine have not been fully characterized. The concentrations of epibatidine required for analgesia are in the micromolar range [27, 29, 30, 68, and also produce adverse symptoms including hypothermia, hypertension, ataxia and seizures [8, 70]. These concentrations are similar to the concentrations that we found antagonize 5-HT3Rs and are orders of magnitude higher than what is needed to saturate the highaffinity binding site on nAChRs but in line with the epibatidine concentrations that activate nAChRs. As an agonist, epibatidine 10-100 nM ; increases neurotransmitter release from hippocampal slice preparations [70, 71] and current responses in hippocampal and retinal neurons [72, 73]. Using heterologous expression of 42 nAChRs, Buisson et al found a similar dose-dependence for epibatidine as a nAChR agonist [74]. Further evidence that agonist activity of epibatidine underlies its physiological role is that the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine blocks both the functional activity and antinociceptive effects of epibatidine [2, 10, 11]. However, the fact that mecamylamine has pro-nociceptive properties [12] and our data showing that mecamylamine competes with the epibatidine binding to 5-HT3Rs Table 1 ; indicates that the previous findings with mecamylamine are also consistent with these ligands interacting with 5HT3R sites. Our findings that epibatidine binds with high-affinity to and antagonizes 5-HT3Rs raise questions about where epibatidine elicits its physiological actions and indicate that 5-HT3Rs should be considered as a potential target and meclizine.
Abstract Higher incidences of osteoporosis and osteopenia are found in cancer patients, particularly in women receiving aromatase inhibitors or with chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure, or in men with prostate cancer and androgen deprivation therapy. Therefore, management of long-term bone health is emerging as an important aspect of comprehensive cancer care. Patients with cancer typically have a number of additional risk factors for osteoporosis that should prompt screening, regardless of patient age or sex. Maintaining bone health requires a broad knowledge base, including understanding.
Fact represents quality and is based on experience, informed judgment, and a serious and sober assessment of the risks and benefits. Some physicians may worry more about creating a hemarthrosis than others, but the extent of that worry likely relates to the number of joint taps performed previously with a patient on anticoagulation. If a physician has never had a bad outcome, he or she is likely to feel confident about sticking a needle in a joint when the INR international normalization ratio ; is 3. On the other hand, if the physician had once caused a bleed, heard a colleague tell of a mishap, or been asked to serve as an expert witness in a lawsuit about such a circumstance, the needle would stay in its protective sheath, safely away from the red, throbbing joint. In the same way, someone who has seen the blood count plunge after a slug of colchicine would likely never go that route again and medrol.
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Antigens expressed by neuroblastoma also would allow selective isolation of fresh tumor cells that could be assessed for their susceptibility to natural killer NK ; -mediated lysis. The results of these studies might provide a clue for attempting immunotherapeutic approaches based on the infusion of activated NK cells in neuroblastoma patients. Indeed, in vitro cultured neuroblastoma cell lines have been shown to be susceptible to NKmediated lysis 7 ; . It note that NK cells have been shown to play a central role in the cure of acute myeloid leukemias, as recently highlighted by clinical studies in which patients had received haploidentical BM transplantation 8, 9 ; . The aim of the present study was to identify surface markers that would allow a precise detection of neuroblastoma cells. Thanks to the generation of mAbs, we could identify the 4Ig-B7-H3 molecule 10, 11 ; as a valuable surface antigen for detection of neuroblastoma cells, particularly in BM aspirates. Perhaps more importantly, we also provide evidence that 41gB7-H3 molecules play a protective role in tumor cells by inhibiting NK-mediated cell lysis. This inhibitory effect can be reversed by mAb-mediated masking of the 4Ig-B7-H3 molecule. Methods mAbs. 5B14 mAb IgM ; was obtained by immunizing a 5-weekold BALB c mouse with ACN human neuroblastoma ; cell line as described 12 ; . c218 IgG1, anti-CD56 ; , A6136 IgM, antiHLA class I ; , and AZ20 IgG1, anti-NKp30 ; were produced in our laboratory. The mAbs anti-GD2 14.G2a, IgG2A ; and anti-CD45 HI30, IgG1 ; were purchased from Pharmingen and Caltag South San Francisco, CA ; , respectively.
Respect to any person or group of persons who become employed by a Participating Company in connection with the acquisition of any business or asset by the Company or a Subsidiary, such person or group of persons shall be considered Employees only during such time as the criteria of this paragraph are met. The term Employee shall not include an individual retained by the Company or a Subsidiary through or an agency to perform services for the Company or a Subsidiary who are classified or designated by the Company or a Subsidiary as an independent contractor or a fee for service worker, including, without limitation, any such individual who is or has been determined by a government entity, court, arbitrator or other third party to be a common law employee of the Company or a Subsidiary for any purpose and shall not include an individual designated as a Leased Employee. "Employee After-Tax Contributions" shall mean any after-tax contribution to the Plan made by a Member pursuant to Section 4.01. "Enrollment Date" shall mean the first day of each month while the Plan is in effect following a Member's satisfactory completion of the eligibility requirements of Article II. "Fund" shall mean any of the Funds specified in Section 6.01 or selected by the Savings Plan Committee to be an investment fund of the Plan as set forth in Schedule B which is attached hereto and incorporated herein by reference. "Highly Compensated Employee" shall mean: a ; effective for Plan Years starting after December 31, 1996, the term "Highly Compensated Employee" includes highly compensated active Employees and highly compensated former Employees. A highly compensated active Employee means any Employee who: 1 ; was a Five-Percent Owner as defined in section 416 i ; 1 ; of the Code and applying the constructive ownership rules of Section 318 of the Code ; at any time during the Look-back Year or the Determination Year; or for the Look Back Year, had i ; received Covered Compensation from the Employer or Affiliates in excess of , 000, and ii ; if the Employer so elects, was in the Top-Paid Group during the Look-back Year. The , 000 amount is adjusted at the same time and in the same manner as under Code section 415 d and mefloquine.
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Photosynthesis and respiration Photosynthetic acclimation to higher or lower water temperatures is frequently accomplished by a shift in optimal temperature, which results in comparable rates of photosynthesis at incubation temperatures that equal the particular growth temperatures e.g. Berry & Bjrkman, 1980 ; . However, optimal temperatures for neither net nor gross photosynthesis varied in correspondence with the growth temperature for any of the investigated clones of P. pectinatus i.e. there was no acclimative shift in Topt; Table 3 ; . In addition, the clones showed the highest maximum photosynthetic capacity at Topt ; when grown at 20C, and an overall depression of the photosynthetic capacity at all other growth temperatures Table 3 ; . Although this might indicate that P. pectinatus lacks the ability to photosynthetically acclimate to a wide range of temperature Berry & Bjrkman, 1980 ; , differences in photosynthetic capacity both gross and net ; at corresponding growth and incubation temperatures i.e. amb ; , were less marked Table 3 ; . Especially for the clones from Kashin and Carucedo, this resulted in some capacity for acclimation to higher water temperatures, since the recorded values for ambient gross photosynthesis were not significantly different at 20 and 30C Table 3 ; . We did not find the expected lower thermal optima for the higher-latitude clones Table 3 ; , although the high photosynthetic capacities both at Topt and amb ; for Kashin Table 3 ; might be of adaptive value, sustaining more rapid growth where the growing season is short Eagles, 1967 ; . For terrestrial plant species it has been suggested that respiratory acclimation to higher growth temperatures can be accomplished by a downward shift of the thermal response curve e.g. Laurigauderie & Krner, 1995 ; . When growth and incubation temperatures correspond, full or partial acclimation should then lead to comparable or slightly increasing rates of dark respiration e.g. reduced variation in Rd amb ; . However, in all three clones of P. pectinatus, Rd amb strongly increased between 10 and 20C, but levelled off or even decreased at higher water temperatures Table 4 ; , suggesting that there is some degree of acclimation of respiratory processes to higher temperatures as in e.g. Tranquillini et al., 1986; Larigauderie & Krner, 1995 ; . Highest maximum respiration rates Rd max ; were found for the high-latitude clone from Kashin Table 4 ; , similar to the response of terrestrial plants, where ecotypes native to cooler environments often respire faster Billings et al., 1971; Lechowicz et al, 1980 ; . These differences may be due to the presence of higher concentrations of mitochondria that can sustain the higher costs for maintenance or promote a more rapid growth at lower temperatures Miroslavov & Kravkina, 1991 ; . Morphology, biomass allocation and productivity For all clones except Kashin, stem length decreased at temperatures above 15C Fig. 3a ; . This finding contrasts with the results obtained for several other aquatic macrophytes, which showed an increase in length of the main shoot with temperature Barko & Smart, 1981; Barko et al., 1982 ; . We suggest, however, that the low thermal optimum could be of adaptive value to P. pectinatus in early spring, when elongation of emerging shoots towards the water surface is stimulated by low light conditions, and may benefit from cooler temperatures. Both stem and internode length decreased at temperatures above 15C Fig. 3a and c ; , while the number of nodes increased up to a plateau at 20 to 25C Fig. 3b ; . We therefore conclude that differences in the stem length were mediated by.
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Fig. 3. The effect of nicotine on PGE2 production by monocytes. A, B ; The effect of nicotine on the concentration of PGE2 in the presence solid circles ; or absence open circles ; of 100 ng ml IL-18 was determined by ELISA. C, D ; The effect of a nonselective or a selective 7-nAChR antagonist, mecamylamine C ; or -bungarotoxin D ; in the presence solid circles ; or absence open circles ; of IL-18 was determined. EG ; The effect of a nonselective or a selective COX-2 inhibitor, indomethacin E ; or NS398 F ; , or a PKA inhibitor, H-89 G ; , in the presence solid circles ; or absence open circles ; of IL-18 was determined. The results are expressed as the means SEM of triplicate findings from five donors. * P 0.05, * P 0.01 compared with the value for medium alone. #P 0.05 P 0.01 compared with the value for IL-18. When an error bar was within a symbol, the bar was omitted. Fig. 4. The effect of nicotine on the activation of cAMP in monocytes. A ; The kinetics of effect of 100 M nicotine on the production of cAMP was determined by ELISA. B ; The effect of 100 M nicotine with the 7-nAChR antagonists, mecamylamine or -bungarotoxin, at 10 nM and the COX-2 inhibitors, indomethacin or NS398, at 100 M in the presence or absence of 100 ng ml IL-18 on the production of cAMP was determined. * P 0.01 compared with the value in the absence of nicotine. , P 0.01 compared with the value for nicotine. The results are the means SEM of triplicate findings from five donors. ND, not detected and megace.
Induced seizures in L9 S mice were completely blocked by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine. Second, epibatidine, a nicotinic receptor agonist Badio and Daly, 1994 ; , caused Straub tail and seizure in L9 S mice at much lower concentrations than in WT mice. In contrast, bicuculline, a GABAA receptor blocker and commonly used proconvulsant, caused Straub tail and seizure at similar concentrations in L9 S and WT mice, suggesting that the mutation did not yield a generalized seizure phenotype. Therefore it is unlikely that hypersensitive 4 nAChRs are chronically activated, with a consequent tonic release of excitatory neurotransmitter, and thus maintaining a lowered seizure threshold. Specificity of the Straub tail response observed in L9 S mice was examined with morphine. Morphine-induced Straub tail onset was 10 times longer than nicotine-induced Straub tail onset, and it was completely blocked by the -opioid receptor blocker naloxone. Nicotine-induced Straub tail was significantly diminished by mecamylamine but unaffected by naloxone. Hence, in L9 S mice, Straub tail induction by morphine was very different from that obtained with nicotine. In sum, the behavioral effects observed in L9 S mice appear specific to the stimulation of 4containing nicotinic circuits. Tacrine and galanthamine are widely used to delay the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Both of these drugs produced seizure and Straub effects at lower concentrations in L9 S mice than in WT mice Fig. 2C, D ; , consistent with the view that, by blocking cholinesterase, these drugs produce elevated ACh concentrations near ACh receptors. There is a approximately a fourfold range of galanthamine and tacrine concentrations in which these elevated ACh concentrations appear detectable by hypersensitive but not by normal receptors. Originally it was thought that both drugs were cholinesterase inhibitors and therefore counteracted the effects of cholinergic neuron death. Recent papers propose, however, that galanthamine, but not tacrine, is also a direct allosteric modulator of the 4 2 receptor Samochocki et al., 2000; Maelicke et al., 2001 ; . If so, one would expect a mouse with hypersensitive 4 2 receptors to show a dramatically enhanced behavioral effect of galanthamine compared with tacrine. The L9 S mice are indeed somewhat more sensitive to galanthamine than to tacrine Fig. 2C, D ; , providing some evidence for the hypothesis Fig. 2C, D ; . There are wide variations in the previously described effective doses for cognitive effects of tacrine and galanthamine in WT mice; the effective doses in the present study seem higher than the range for both drugs Vincent et al., 1988; Sweeney et al., 1989; Pavone et al., 1998 ; . Gene dosage effects on viability and hypersensitivity of L9 S strains We originally designed the L9 S strain to provide a severe gain of function Labarca et al., 2001 unexpectedly, when both 4 subunits are mutant, the 4 L9 S ; receptor becomes so sensitive that it actually opens partially in response to choline at concentrations that are present in the CSF Labarca et al., 2001 ; . In both the neo-deleted heterozygote and the neo-intact homozygote but not in the neo-intact heterozygote studied here ; , the resulting excitotoxic damage apparently kills many dopaminergic neurons, and the former two genotypes die soon after birth Labarca et al., 2001 ; . The present study shows that the neo-intact allele is expressed at 25% of WT levels Fig. 6 ; . The decrease in high-affinity epibatidine binding occurs in the cytisine-sensitive but not in the cytisine-resistant fraction, thus indicating that changes in expression correspond primarily to 4 2 receptors rather than to other.
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[ 3H]-dopamine release evoked by maximally effective concentrations of the four agonists mentioned above Fig. 4 B ; . The results confirm the differences in efficacy noted above. Although mecamylamine inhibited agonist-evoked [ 3H]-dopamine release to the same extent in each case the residual release being the nonspecific component that is elicited by a buffer pulse without agonist ; , -conotoxin-MII produced varying degrees of inhibition. The mecamylamine-sensitive response to ; -anatoxin-a was reduced by 56% by the toxin, in agreement with our previous findings Kaiser et al., 1998 ; , whereas the mecamylaminesensitive [ 3H]-dopamine release evoked by ; -epibatidine and ; -nicotine was inhibited by 47.9 and 32.4%, respectively. However, the mecamylamine-sensitive response to ; -UB-165 was almost completely blocked 87.8% ; by -conotoxin-MII. This suggests that ; -UB-165 has very little efficacy at the other subtype s ; of nAChRs responsible for [ 3H]-dopamine release. Because the 4 2 subtype is a candidate for this role, we examined the behavior of ; -UB-165 in a neurochemical assay for this putative subtype and megestrol.
| Mecamylamine manufacturersThe goal of the present study was to characterize the dose-response relationships for nicotine enhancement of DAT function in striatum and mPFC. Furthermore, nAChR mediation was determined by assessing mecamylamine inhibition of the nicotine effect on DAT function in both striatum and mPFC. Under physiological conditions, clearance of exogenously applied DA was assessed with msec resolution using in vivo voltammetry, a technique which has been previously shown to reliably evaluate DAT function Cass et al., 1992 and mecamylamine.
Cameron, E. J. The "natural" or "normal" resistance of spores of thermophilic bacteria. Abstract . Carbohydrate utilization, End products of, as determined in synthetic media cultures. Studies on carbon metabolism of organisms of the genus Mycobacterium. III . Carbon metabolism of organisms of the genus Mycobacterium, Studies on. II. Utilization of organic compounds in a synthetic medium . Studies on. III. End products of carbohydrate utilization as determined in synthetic media cultures . Carpenter, C. M. and Boak, R. A. Lethal temperatures for Br. abortus with special reference to pasteurization. Abstract . Casman, E. P. and Rettger, L. F. Some factors limiting bacterial growth at higher temperatures. Abstract . Castaneda, M. Ruiz and Zinsser, Hans. Studies on typhus fever. Abstract. Characteristics, The, of certain microorganisms as modified by the reaction of the medium. Abstract . Chinn, Ben, Ruchhoft, C. C., Kallas, J. G. and Coulter, E. W. Coli-aerogenes differentiation in water analysis . Cl. cellusolvens N. sp.? ; , Isolation and study of an apparently widespread cellulose-fermenting anaerobe . Clague, J. A. and Fellers, C. R. Time-temperature-humidity relations in dried fruit pasteurization. Abstract . Clark, L. T. and Ferry, N. S. Studies of the properties of a bouillon filtrate of the gonococcus. Abstract . Clifton, C. E. The problem of ultrafiltration. Abstract . Cohen, Barnett. Thebacterial culture as an electrical half-cell. Abstract. - , Conn, H. J., Chairman, Burke, Victor, Genung, Elizabeth F., Hall, Ivan C., Kulp, W. L. Report of committee on bacteriological technic: Progress during 1930. Abstract . Coli-aerogenes differentiation in water analysis . Colonial variation of Escherichia coli on solid media with especial reference to the production of rough colonies. Abstract . Colorimetric and potentiometric methods, A comparison of, for hydrogen ion determination of solid bacterial media, using a dilution method based on the buffer equation . Colosi, Natale. Bile as an antigen in serum diagnosis of syphilis. Abstract. Comparative, A, and taxonomic study of thirty-eight strains of Bacillus tertius Henry ; . Abstract . investigations on the microbiological composition and the quality of butter. Abstract and melphalan.
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Hmulon elegans, NOAA, Drawing by H. L. Todd In ten minutes I had seen all that could be seen in that fish, and started in search of the Professor--who had, however, left the Museum; and when I returned, after lingering over some of the odd animals stored in the upper apartment, my specimen was dry all over. I dashed the fluid over the fish as if to resuscitate the beast from a fainting fit, and looked with anxiety for a return of the normal sloppy appearance. This little excitement over, nothing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion. Half an hour passes--an hour--another hour; the fish began to look loathsome. I turned it over and around; looked it in the face--ghastly.
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